eastern iranian languages

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Mouton de Gruyter. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: Pashto 43.

The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages emerging in Middle Iranian times (from c. the 4th century BC). 155-78.N. One of its main characteristics is the distinction between ‘light and heavy stems’, caused by the so-called ‘Rhythmic Law’ (Sims-Williams 1989: 181-182). According to Morgenstierne (1926, pp. B. Henning, “Mitteliranisch,” in HO, I/IV/1, Leiden and Cologne, 1958, pp. The division into an "Eastern" and a "Western" group by the early 1st millennium is visible in Avestan vs. Old Persian, the two oldest known Iranian languages. Comparative linguistic suggests a common ancestor for the Indo-Aryan languages of Northern India[2] and the Iranian Languages. Dari Persian (Fārsī-ye Darī) also known as Afghan Persian. American Oriental Society, 1953.Nicholas Sims-Williams, Iranica, under entry: Eastern Iranian languages I. Edelman, “History of the consonant systems of the North-Pamir languages,” V. A. Efimov and D. I. Edel’man, “Novoiranskie yazyki: vostochnaya gruppa” inW.

Roland G. Kent: "Old Persion: Grammar Texts Lexicon". pronouns with prefixed For the numerous vocabulary items attested exclusively in Eastern (as distinct from Western) Iranian a few examples must suffice:The most pervasive external influence on Eastern Iranian has been that exerted by the neighboring Indian languages, as is most evident in the development of aspirates (Khotanese, Parachi, Ormuri) and retroflex consonants (Khotanese, Pashto, etc.).

Wakhi 42. The term “Eastern Iranian” is of limited utility with reference to the Old Iranian period. 71 relations. The largest living Eastern Iranian language is Pashto, with some 50–60 million speakers between the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan. More precisely Pashto (, rarely ; پښتو, Pax̌tō, ), sometimes spelled Pukhto, is a language in the Eastern Iranian group of the Indo-European family.

To put it simply, if the stem of the word is stressed, it is a heavy stem. The Avestan language is often classified as early Eastern Iranian. The living Eastern Iranian languages are spoken in a contiguous area, in eastern Afghanistan as well as the adjacent parts of western Pakistan, Middle Persian/Dari spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and Khurasan after the Arab conquests and during Islamic-Arab rule.Eastern Iranian remains a single dialect continuum subject to common innovation.

tcahora, Tumshuqese tsahari, Chor. 182

20-130.Idem, “Neu-iranische Sprachen,” in HO, I/IV/1, Leiden and Cologne, 1958, pp. Part I, Chapter I: The Linguistic Setting of Old Persian. Shughni-Rushani languges 47. other Turkic and minor languages. Most living Eastern Iranian languages are spoken in a contiguous area, in southern and eastern Afghanistan as well as the adjacent parts of western Pakistan, Middle Persian/Dari spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and Eastern Iranian remains a single dialect continuum subject to common innovation. The largest living Eastern Iranian language is Pashto, with some 50 million speakers between the Hin Good candidates are the hypothetical ancestor languages of What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. 165-72).The Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Routledge/UNESCO. The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BC), Middle Iranian (400 BC – 900 AD), and New Iranian (since 900 AD). Entzifferung des Alphabets und Erklärung des Inhalts. Ossetic 44. also Sims-Williams, ibid., pp. Pashto, sometimes also romanized as Pashtu or Pakhto, is the most widely spoken modern Eastern Iranian language, spoken primarily in south of Afghanistan and northwest of Pakistan.It is the only Iranian language, beside Persian, with nation-wide official status in a country. Like most of the Eastern Iranian languages, Sogdian is a highly inflected language. Wanji The Old Avestan texts known as the Gathas are believed to have been composed by Zoroaster , the founder of Zoroastrianism , with the Yaz culture (c. 1500 BC – 1100 BC) as a candidate for the … The preservation of final vowels has important implications for the morphology of Eastern Iranian, which tends to be much more complex and conservative than that of Western Iranian. 517-525Lassen, Christian. Sanglichi 39. 1998. Sims-Williams, “Le lingue iraniche,” in A. Giacalone Ramat and P. Ramat, eds.Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online. 165-67), together with the “Parnian” stratum in Parthian (Sims-Williams, ibid., p. 171) and reconstructed proto-forms of Eastern Iranian languages attested only in the modern period, e.g., “proto-Pashto.” It should be noted that, while the above division is universally accepted by specialists in Iranian dialectology, the dividing-line between Western and Eastern Iranian is in fact by no means clear-cut. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Countries and areas where an Iranian language has official status or is spoken by a majorityJohn R. Perry Iranian Studies Vol. 1996. pg.

Die altpersischen Keil-Inschriften von Persepolis. Several languages (Sogdian, Chorasmian, Ossetic, Pashto, Parachi; but also Western Iranian Sivandi) have special forms of nouns used after numerals in certain cases; some such forms derive from OIr.

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