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[47] Alphand termed these small parks "green and flowering salons." The two axes crossed at the Place du Châtelet, making it the center of Haussmann's Paris. Napoleon gave in to the opposition demands in January 1870 and asked Haussmann to resign. The City of Paris began paying its contractors on the new works projects with vouchers instead of money; the vouchers were then purchased from the contractors by the city's lenders, mainly the mortgage bank Crédit Foncier. Pinkney, David H. "Money and Politics in the Rebuilding of Paris, 1860â1870". The street life, shops and restaurants reflect this, and the bars and nightclubs buzz throughout the night. "[46] In response Haussmann created twenty-four new squares; seventeen in the older part of the city, eleven in the new arrondissements, adding 15 hectares (37 acres) of green space. Thousands of families and businesses had to relocate when their buildings were demolished for the construction of the new boulevards. [34] The annexation made it necessary for Haussmann to enlarge his plans, and to construct new boulevards to connect the new arrondissements with the center. [44] Napoleon III's new parks were inspired by his memories of the parks in London, especially Hyde Park, where he had strolled and promenaded in a carriage while in exile; but he wanted to build on a much larger scale. "[67] This argument was also popularized by the American architectural critic, Lewis Mumford. Students in the international section typically spend six to eight hours per week working in their own language, the rest in French. Cycling and walking are also popular. [41] At the same time Napoleon III was increasingly ill, suffering from gallstones which were to cause his death in 1873, and preoccupied by the political crisis that would lead to the Franco-Prussian War. He wrote: "But, as for me, I who was the promoter of these additions made to the original project, I declare that I never thought in the least, in adding them, of their greater or lesser strategic value. He proposed the completion of the rue de Rivoli from the Louvre to the Hôtel de Ville, completing the project begun by his uncle Napoléon Bonaparte, and he began a project which would transform the Bois de Boulogne (Boulogne Forest) into a large new public park, modelled after Hyde Park in London but much larger, on the west side of the city. Some real-estate owners demanded large, straight avenues to help troops manoeuvre. Cars: easy access to the Paris ring road. [72], Recent studies have also shown that the proportion of Paris housing occupied by low-income Parisians did not decrease under Haussmann, and that the poor were not driven out of Paris by Haussmann's renovation. Walker, Nathaniel Robert. Working with Haussmann, Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the engineer who headed the new Service of Promenades and Plantations, whom Haussmann brought with him from Bordeaux, and his new chief gardener, Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps, also from Bordeaux, laid out a plan for four major parks at the cardinal points of the compass around the city. In 18th-century Paris, buildings were usually narrow (often only six meters wide [20 feet]); deep (sometimes forty meters; 130 feet) and tallâas many as five or six stories. His opponents were arrested or exiled. Shopping: supermarkets and small shops on most streets. Under Haussmann, with the increase in rents and greater demand for housing, low-income people were unable to afford the rents for the upper floors; the top floors were increasingly occupied by concierges and the servants of those in the floors below.
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