description of an apple
[69], World production of apples in 2018 was 86 million tonnes, with China producing 46% of the total (table). [76] The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts (pyrethrum, neem) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality. The soils in which apple trees grow must be well drained; fertilizers can be used if the yield is not high enough. At any level. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. As the wave of settlement moved across North America, it was accompanied by the distribution of seedling apple varieties, perhaps by Indians and trappers, certainly by itinerants who became local legendary figures, the most prominent being Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman), a professional nurseryman who planted apple trees extensively in Ohio and Indiana. [28], In Norse mythology, the goddess Iðunn is portrayed in the Prose Edda (written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson) as providing apples to the gods that give them eternal youthfulness. [75] Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild M. sieversii origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.[19]. Its most important contributions have included 'Haralson' (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and 'Honeycrisp'. Apples may also be stored in inert gases or in controlled atmospheres. Open Settings. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by Brúnarson as the food of the dead. [53], Because apples do not breed true when planted as seeds, although cuttings can take root and breed true, and may live for a century, grafting is usually used. The apple is one of the most grown tree fruits. The ideal description is a concise, informative paragraph followed by a short list of main features. The larynx in the human throat has been called the "Adam's apple" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate: One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).[61]. The core, from stem to bottom, containing the seeds, is usually not eaten and is discarded. All parts of the fruit, including the skin, except for the seeds, are suitable for human consumption. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause adverse reactions. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. [15][16] Among other things, the availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is Malus sieversii. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:[38]. To throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. [33], Though the forbidden fruit of Eden in the Book of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve coaxed Adam to share with her. Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. [13] However, this first whole genome sequence turned out to contain several errors[14] in part owing to the high degree of heterozygosity in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. [31], Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of Hel" used in an 11th-century poem by the skald Thorbiorn Brúnarson. Trees and fruit are prone to a number of fungal, bacterial and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. [46] Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates. Each word below can often be found in front of the noun apples in the same sentence. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. [18] The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4000–10000 years ago in the Tian Shan mountains, and then to have travelled along the Silk Road to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (M. baccata), the Caucasus (M. orientalis), and Europe (M. sylvestris). [58], Apple skins and seeds contain various phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols which are under preliminary research for their potential health effects. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Johnny Appleseed is an American folk hero. For the American technology company, see, Edible fruit of domesticated deciduous tree, Significance in European cultures and societies, apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing), Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry, "Apple production in 2018; Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity", "Origin and meaning of "apple" by Online Etymology Dictionary", "New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties", "ScienceShot: The Secret History of the Domesticated Apple", "A high-density, multi-parental SNP genetic map on apple validates a new mapping approach for outcrossing species", "High-quality de novo assembly of the apple genome and methylome dynamics of early fruit development", "A high-quality apple genome assembly reveals the association of a retrotransposon and red fruit colour", "Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement", "Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile", "Association between apple consumption and physician visits", "ECPGR Malus/Pyrus Working Group Members", "Crops & Gardening – Apples of Antiquity", "Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement", 11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) Conference held in Gresham, Oregon, August 23–24, 2000, "Dwarf Rootstocks for Apple Trees in the Home Garden", "The Importance of Apple Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, Leaf Nutrition, and Photosynthesis with an Emphasis on 'Fuji, An Assessment of Non-Apis Bees as Fruit and Vegetable Crop Pollinators in Southwest Virginia, "Refrigerated storage of perishable foods", "Puff the Magic Preservative: Lasting Crunch, but Less Scent", "Efficacy of tree trunk coating materials in the control of the apple clearwing, Synanthedon myopaeformis", "Nutrition Facts, Apples, raw, with skin [Includes USDA commodity food A343]. Reactions, which entail oral allergy syndrome (OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat,[85] but in rare cases can also include life-threatening anaphylaxis. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality. There have been few late frosts in the main apple growing regions, rain and temperatures have been good, so the year is shaping up well for a good apple crop. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group. Learn more about the E-Verify program (Opens in a new window) . The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 m (6 to 15 ft) tall in cultivation and up to 9 m (30 ft) in the wild. It is grown in orchards. Arctic Apples, a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been genetically modified to silence the expression of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m or 10 ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [81][82], Apple seed oil is obtained by pressing apple seeds for manufacturing cosmetics. See the fact file below for more information about apples. The original wild ancestor of Malus domestica was Malus sieversii, found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and northwestern China. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Headquarters are located in Cupertino, California. The word apple, formerly spelled æppel in Old English, is derived from the Proto-Germanic root *ap(a)laz, which could also mean fruit in general. Apple iPhone 12 - description and parameters Apple iPhone 12 supports frequency bands GSM , CDMA , HSPA , EVDO , LTE , 5G. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century. When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by rootstock selection and trimming method. Omissions? [70] Otherwise, there is low content of micronutrients, with the Daily Values of all falling below 10%, indicating a nutritionally poor food source.[71]. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage. Description. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit.[5][6]. The apple flower of most varieties requires cross-pollination for fertilization. Organic methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest. [23] Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century,[5] and the first apple orchard on the North American continent was planted in Boston by Reverend William Blaxton in 1625. Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus domestica). In Europe a larger fraction of the crop goes for cider, wine, and brandy. Apples are one of the world’s most widely grown fruits . About one-fifth is used for vinegar, juice, jelly, and apple butter. On Apple TV, you can edit subscriptions only for tvOS apps that are installed on that Apple TV. There was substantial apple production in the European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then. Some consumers, especially those in Japan, prefer a larger apple, while apples below 5.5 cm (2 1⁄4 in) are generally used for making juice and have little fresh market value. Select Subscriptions. Varieties that ripen in late autumn may be stored for as long as one year, however. Apple is a prominent hardware and software company best known for its series of personal computers, the iPod and its innovative marketing strategies for its products. [26][27] Controlled atmosphere facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. 'Granny Smith' and 'Fuji') have more than three times the storage life of others. [50] Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia,[50] especially the Indian Subcontinent. Apples can be canned, dried or frozen. [49], Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Apple juice is often concentrated and frozen. [46] Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. [68] The larvae of the apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing) burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage. Provide an engaging description that highlights the features and functionality of your app. [22] Several whole genome sequences have been made available, the first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’. Apples can be consumed various ways: juice, raw in salads, baked in pies, cooked into sauces and spreads like apple butter, and other baked dishes. It is in the species Malus domestica in the rose family Rosaceae. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [5][9] Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the Tian Shan mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary introgression of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates. Apples are eaten fresh or cooked in a variety of ways and are frequently used as a pastry filling, apple pie being perhaps the archetypal American dessert.
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